Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: Model development,and a case study of four Chinese cities

Analysis of the structure and function of urban metabolic systems is an important goal of urban research. We used network pathways and network utility analysis to analyze the basic network structure of the urban metabolic system and the complex ecological relationships within the system, providing a new way to perform such research. Using four Chinese cities as examples, we developed an ecological network model of the urban metabolic system. By using network pathway analysis, we studied the changing relationships between metabolic length and the number of metabolic pathways, and between metabolic length and reachability. Based on the distribution of the number of metabolic pathways, we describe the basic structure and intercompartment relationships of the system. By using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the ecological relationships and degree of mutualism between the compartments of the system. The basic components of the system consisted of the internal environment, the external environment, and the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. With increasing metabolic length, the ecological relationships among the components of the system became more diverse, and the numbers of metabolic paths and their reachability improved. Although the basic network structure of the four cities was identical, the mutualism index differed. Beijing's mutualism index was superior to that of Shanghai, and much higher than those of Tianjin and Chongqing. By analyzing the structure and function of the urban metabolic system, we provide suggestions for optimizing the structure and adjusting the relationships, and propose methods for the application of ecological network analysis in future urban system research.     

磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭的制备及其活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7特性研究

以羊粪为原料，制备磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭复合材料 （SMF₈₀₀），通过BET、SEM、XRD、N₂吸附-脱附等温线等对其表面形貌及晶体结构进行表征，并采用序批实验考查活化剂和过一硫酸盐 （PMS） 投加量、温度、溶液初始pH、无机阴离子等因素对AO7降解效率影响.结果表明，SMF₈₀₀拥有高度石墨化及多孔结构，在最佳条件下 （PMS=0.8 g·L^-1、SMF₈₀₀=0.5 g·L^-1、AO7=20 mg·L^-1、T=25 ℃），40 min内AO7能被完全降解，在弱酸条件下有利于脱色，且活化剂经过3次循环使用后仍具有良好的活化效率.猝灭实验和XPS测试结果表明，自由基 （SO4- ?、·OH、O₂^·- ） 和非自由基途径 （¹O₂） 协同作用于AO7的降解，其中以Fe⁰还原PMS产生SO4- ?的自由基途径占主导地位，以Fe⁰诱导碳电子、生物炭表面含氧官能团 （C-OH 和COOH） 激活PMS产生¹O₂为辅，而SMF₈₀₀石墨化及大量的sp²-C结构为电子转移提供良好的场所.综上，本研究设计制备了一种新型的生物炭基ZVI活化剂，以期为有机废水高效、低成本的处理方法提供新的技术支撑，同时也为粪源资源化利用提供新的途径.